Posts belonging to Category Caselaw Developments

On July 13, 2017, in a unanimous opinion, the California Supreme Court affirmed PAGA plaintiffs’ broad rights to discovery under the Civil Discovery Act. Williams v. Marshalls of CA, LLC, No. S227228 __ Cal.5th __ (July 13, 2017) (slip op. available here) (Mr. Williams is represented by Capstone Law APC). In so doing, California’s highest court reversed the trial court’s imposition of additional restrictions on PAGA discovery. The Williams opinion not only reaffirmed that the right to discovery for all plaintiffs in civil litigation is broad, but also that there is no requirement that plaintiffs make a preliminary showing of “good cause” before being able to obtain contact information of fellow employees.

Williams’ lawsuit alleges that he worked for Marshalls at their store in Costa Mesa, California, as a non-exempt, hourly employee, and asserts only a PAGA claim based on various underlying wage-and-hour violations. Slip op. at 2. Early in the action, Williams had propounded discovery requests seeking, among other pieces of information, the names and contact information for all of Marshalls’ California employees. The trial court mostly denied the request, though it ordered Marshalls to produce the names and contact information for the single store where Williams worked. The trial court further conditioned any renewed discovery motion on Williams sitting for a deposition and making a showing of proof as to the merits of the allegations in his complaint.

Williams filed a petition for a writ, on which the Court of Appeal took full briefing and oral argument.  However, the Court of Appeal ultimately denied Williams’ writ petition, and effectively affirmed the trial court order. The Court of Appeal held that the trial court was within its discretion to deny the discovery Williams sought because Williams had failed to establish “good cause” for the non-party aggrieved employees’ contact information. Slip op. at 4. The Court of Appeal alternatively held that the employees’ privacy interests under the California Constitution were implicated and that, therefore, Williams was required to show a “compelling need” for the discovery. Williams then filed a petition for review, which the Supreme Court granted to decide two issues: (1) whether the plaintiff in a PAGA action is entitled to discovery of the names and contact information of other “aggrieved employees” at the start of the proceeding or whether the plaintiff is initially required to show good cause in order to gain access to that information; and (2) in ruling on such a request for employee contact information, should the trial court first determine whether the employees have a protectable privacy interest and, if so, balance that privacy interest against other interests, or is a protectable privacy interest assumed?

In a unanimous decision, the California Supreme Court reversed the lower court entirely, and issued a broad decision affirming the applicability of the Civil Discovery Act to PAGA cases, further cementing PAGA as a robust vehicle for enforcing the Labor Code. In its decision, the state Supreme Court first clarified the moving party’s burden when moving to compel interrogatory responses. Citing the Civil Discovery Act, the court explained that “a litigant[] is entitled to demand answers to its interrogatories[] as a matter of right, and without a prior showing, unless the party on whom those interrogatories are served objects and shows cause why the questions are not within the purview of the code section.” Slip op. at 6-7 (internal citations omitted).  Thus, it is the burden of the party resisting discovery to justify any objection. Id. at 7.

The court then addressed Marshalls’ objections to the discovery in turn, first looking to the relevance of the information sought by the plaintiff: the identities and contact information of other employees. Relying on opinions issued in putative wage-and-hour class actions, the court explained that “Courts of Appeal have . . . uniformly treated such a request as clearly within the scope of discovery permitted under Code of Civil Procedure section 2017.010.[,]” “an essential first step to prosecution of any representative action.” Slip op. at 9, 11. Marshalls had argued that these principles are not applicable to PAGA actions, relying both on the text of the PAGA statute and on differences between class actions and PAGA actions.  But the state Supreme Court held that there is nothing in the PAGA statute that supports a “heightened preliminary proof requirement,” a requirement which would undermine PAGA’s legislative purpose of advancing the state’s public policy of protecting employees against Labor Code violations in their workplaces. Id. at 13. The court also rejected the argument that the nature of a PAGA action, as opposed to a class action, supports conditioning discovery on a showing of proof. While there are procedural differences between class actions and PAGA actions, the two types of suits also bear some similarities, including overlapping policy considerations such as the robust protection of workers’ rights, which support an equally broad right to discovery. Slip op. at 15.

The California Supreme Court also rejected Marshalls’ objection of “undue burden.” The Code of Civil Procedure does not authorize the trial court to require a showing of proof before ordering discovery “in the absence of any evidence of the burden responding would entail.” Slip op. at 19. Marshalls made no showing of the burden of responding beyond stating the number of employees whose names and contact information were sought. And while the Court of Appeal had “justified the trial court’s good cause requirement” by referring to the rules governing inspection demands, the discovery at issue below were interrogatories, which do not include such a requirement under the Discovery Act. Id. at 19-20. Finally, examining the non-party employees’ constitutional privacy interests, the court explained that the relevant test for evaluating Marshalls’ privacy objection was the Hill test initially applied to the wage-and-hour class action context in Belaire-West Landscape, Inc. v. Superior Court, 149 Cal.App.4th 554. This three-part test requires: (1) a legally recognized privacy interest, (2) a reasonable expectation of privacy in the circumstances, and (3) a serious invasion of privacy. Hill v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn., 7 Cal.4th 1 (1994). If all requirements are met, the court moves on to a balancing test. Here, the court concluded that the second and third requirements were not met. Slip op. at 25-26.

Additionally, the court disapproved of the Court of Appeal’s reliance on other appellate cases that “stand for the proposition that whenever discovery of facially private information is sought, the party seeking discovery must demonstrate a ‘compelling state interest.’” Slip op. at 27. The court explained that a compelling interest is only required to justify “an obvious invasion of an interest fundamental to personal autonomy,” not to lesser interests. Id. at 28. The California Supreme Court disapproved of a long line of cases “to the extent they assume, without conducting the inquiry Hill requires, that a compelling interest or compelling need automatically is required.” Id. at 29, n.8.

The California Supreme Court also disagreed with certain considerations it deemed relevant to the balancing test it performed. The Court of Appeal had bizarrely found the potential for an employer illegally to retaliate against an employee for participating in the lawsuit as weighing against discovery, but the California Supreme Court instead found this to weigh in favor of discovery and in favor of “facilitating collective action so that individuals need not run the risk of individual suits.” Slip op. at 30-31. Further, the Supreme Court disagreed with the Court of Appeal’s indication that discovery should be contingent on a showing of a uniform, companywide policy, explaining that a uniform policy is not a condition for discovery—nor even for eventual success—in a PAGA action, although the court did note that Williams had, in fact, submitted documents purporting to describe the company’s uniform, unlawful statewide meal and rest period policies. Id. at 32, n.9.

With the Williams ruling, PAGA plaintiffs’ broad rights to discovery have been affirmed. The California Supreme Court also emphasized that the “facts and theories” that must be included in PAGA notice letters to the LWDA need only satisfy a low bar of “nonfrivolousness,” a minimal threshold that exists merely to afford the LWDA an opportunity to decide whether to allocate its resources to investigating the claims and the employer a chance to submit a response to the agency.

Authored by:
Katherine Kehr, Senior Counsel
CAPSTONE LAW APC

On July 5, 2017, in a decision which deepens a split among the Circuits, McKeen-Chaplin v. Provident Savings Bank, FSB, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that mortgage underwriters are not exempt from FLSA overtime requirements. No. 15-16758 (9th Cir. July 5, 2017) (slip op. available here). The panel found that Provident Savings Bank’s mortgage underwriters qualify for neither the “administrative exemption” nor the “white-collar exemption” from the FLSA overtime requirements, reversing the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the bank.

Provident sells mortgage loans to consumers purchasing or refinancing homes and then resells those funded loans on the secondary market. Underwriters at Provident apply guidelines established by the bank in analyzing loan applications to determine prospective borrowers’ creditworthiness and could impose conditions on loan applications based on the underwriter’s analysis or request that Provident make exceptions to its guidelines in certain cases. However, Provident’s underwriters were not responsible for finalizing loan funding or the sale of approved loans, or for selling approved loans on the secondary market. Provident’s underwriters often worked more than 40 hours in a workweek but were never provided overtime compensation, as they were classified as exempt.

In 2012, McKeen-Chaplin filed suit against Provident on behalf of herself and other mortgage underwriters, alleging overtime violations. Provident moved for summary judgment, arguing that the underwriters are exempt from FLSA overtime pay requirements under the administrative exemption, which is reserved for employees whose primary duties involve the exercise of discretion and independent judgment on matters of significance to the business. The plaintiff asserted that an employee’s work must relate to a company’s management or general business operations for the “administrative exemption” to apply, and that here, the employees’ work did not relate to Provident’s management or general business operations because underwriting home mortgage applications was more akin to being a part of a production line, generating a product or service offered by the business, rather than running or servicing the business.  However, the district court ruled that the underwriters’ primary duties qualified them as exempt under the “administrative exemption” because Provident’s underwriters were primarily providing “quality control” assurances to their employer that directly related to the employer’s business operations. Slip op. at 5.

The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court, focusing its analysis on the fact that Prudential’s mortgage underwriters had no authority to decide whether to “take on risk, but instead assessed whether . . . the particular loans at issue fall within the range of risk Provident has determined it is willing to take.” Slip op. at 10. Analyzing the issue under the Department of Labor’s “short duties” test set forth in 29 C.F.R. section 541.700(a), the Court of Appeals reasoned that Provident’s underwriters fell on the “production” side of the “administrative-production dichotomy” because their duties relate more to the creation and sale of the bank’s products than to the actual, general operation of the bank itself. In so ruling, the Ninth Circuit avoided finding that, as a matter of law, mortgage underwriters could never qualify for the administrative exemption because an underwriter who has more authority to set policy for its employer could arguably meet the “administrative exemption.” The Court of Appeals’ ruling also affirmed a long-standing Ninth Circuit precedent that an employee’s work must relate to company management or general business operations for this exemption to apply.

In McKeen-Chaplin, the Ninth Circuit sided with the Second Circuit, which, in 2009, held that the administrative exemption did not apply to underwriters at J.P. Morgan Chase. Davis v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 587 F.3d 529 (2d Cir. 2009). More recently, the Sixth Circuit rejected the Second Circuit’s analysis in reaching the opposite conclusion in a case involving underwriters with Huntington Bancshares. See Lutz v. Huntington Bancshares, Inc., 815 F.3d 988, 995 (6th Cir. 2016). Until this circuit split is taken up and resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court, employers of mortgage underwriters will need to carefully review underwriters’ duties to determine whether they are properly classified as exempt under the FLSA.

Authored by:
Jordan Carlson, Associate
CAPSTONE LAW APC

In April, the Ninth Circuit issued a decision that bodes well for consumer-plaintiffs suing for deceptive advertising based on foods with label claims that may technically be true, but are nonetheless misleading. See Bruton v. Gerber Products Company, No. 15-15173 (9th Cir., April 19, 2017) (slip op. available here). The three-judge panel reversed and remanded the Northern District of California’s denial of certification, among other orders. The court of appeals’ order provides a roadmap to consumers seeking relief after purchasing foods with labels that may be literally true, but still are deceptive.

In 2012, Plaintiff Natalia Bruton sued Gerber and its parent company, Nestle, in the Northern District of California after purchasing baby food labeled with health claims that violated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. She sought class certification in 2013, arguing the “No Added Sugar,” “As Healthy As Fresh,” and similar health claims were misleading and violated California’s Unfair Competition Law (UCL), False Advertising Law (FAL), and Consumers Legal Remedies Act (CLRA). Bruton argued that even if the health claims were technically true, they were nevertheless misleading in context, as the offending products appeared on supermarket shelves alongside other foodmakers’ offerings whose labels lacked such claims.

The district court granted summary judgment to Gerber, finding that, because the label claims were literally true, there was no likelihood that a reasonable consumer would be deceived by the representations, as required to make out a claim under the CLRA, UCL, or FAL. The district court also denied the plaintiff’s motion for class certification for lack of “ascertainability,” finding that plaintiff’s suggested method of utilizing self-identifying affidavits from class members “administratively unfeasible,” due to the number of products at issue, the variations in product labeling during the class period, the uncertain length of time it takes for newly-labeled products to appear in stores, among other reasons. Bruton v. Gerber Products Company, No. 12-CV-02412-LHK (N.D. Cal. June 23, 2014), Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion for Class Certification, at 15. Thus, the court concluded that the plaintiff did not put forth a class definition that was “sufficiently definite so that it is administratively feasible to determine whether a particular person is a class member.” Id. at 15 (citing Sethavanish v. ZonePerfect Nutrition Co., 2014 WL 580696 at *4) (internal citations omitted).

In reversing and remanding the district court’s summary judgment decision, the Ninth Circuit panel found that “Bruton’s theory of deception does not rely on proving that any of Gerber’s labels were false.” Slip op. at 3. The court of appeals accepted the plaintiff’s argument that the labels, while “technically true,” were misleading in context: “[W]hen the maker of one product complies with a ban on attractive label claims, and its competitor does not do so, the normal assumptions no longer hold, and consumers will possibly be left deceived.” Id. at 5. The panel also reversed the denial of certification, finding the decision was inconsistent with a Ninth Circuit decision, Briseno v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 844 F.3d 1121 (9th Cir. 2017), which was decided after the district court issued its ruling. In Briseno, the Ninth Circuit held there was no separate “administrative feasibility” requirement for class certification. “Administrative feasibility,” the panel said here, was different terminology for the same concept—the notion that a class is not manageable because its members cannot be easily identified. Slip op. at 3. This portion of the ruling was remanded for the lower court to further consider whether class certification is appropriate.

The Bruton case shows that label claims can be literally true, yet still deceptive to consumers, such as food products that do not normally contain added sugars that claim they have “No Sugar Added.” Plaintiffs seeking relief after being misled by labels have yet another Ninth Circuit ruling to rely upon to bolster their consumer claims.

Authored by:
Cody Padgett, Associate
CAPSTONE LAW APC

In product labeling class actions, consumer plaintiffs must provide a damages methodology that is both admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 702 (i.e. survives a challenge under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms. Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1973)) and satisfies the requirements of Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S.Ct. 1426, 1433 (2013) (“a model purporting to serve as evidence of damages in [a] class action must measure only those damages attributable to that theory”).

In In re: Dial Complete Marketing and Sales Practices Litigation, MDL Case No. 11-md-2263-SM, 2017 DNH 051 (D.N.H. March 27, 2017) (“In re: Dial”) (slip op. available here), the court found that the plaintiffs met both aspects of this challenge. In re: Dial was a consolidated, multi-district class action brought by consumers in multiple states, including California, Florida, and Illinois, against Dial based on alleged misrepresentations of the antibacterial properties of its “Dial Complete” soap. Slip op. at 3. The court denied Dial’s motion to strike the testimony of the plaintiffs’ expert, Stefan Boedeker, and held that the expert’s damages model based on conjoint analysis methodology “satisfies the requirements of Comcast and Rule 23.” Id. at 30. However, what sets apart In re: Dial from previous cases discussing conjoint analysis is its in-depth discussion of the economic principles of the methodology.

The plaintiffs in In re: Dial alleged that the label on “Dial Complete” soap contained a number of statements that were false and misleading, including claims that the product “Kills 99.99% of Germs,” that it is “#1 Doctor Recommended,” and that Dial Complete “Kills more germs than any other liquid hand soap.” Slip op. at 3. The expert’s task was to isolate a “measurable monetary portion” of the price of the soap attributable to the falsely-claimed product features. Id. at 19. The court began by noting that the expert’s conjoint analysis methodology “consists of three steps: data collection, data analysis and damages calculation” and then described in detail how the expert-designed “Choice Based Conjoint” consumer survey worked. Id. at 6-10. Then, observing that “conjoint analysis is a well-accepted economic methodology,” the court had no problem dismissing Dial’s criticisms of the expert’s survey as “going to the weight, not the admissibility,” of the expert’s testimony. Id. at 13-17.

The court’s decision had, in certain respects, an academic depth to its analysis, explaining economic concepts like demand curves (“a visual depiction of the relationship between a product’s price and quantity demanded”) and marginal consumers (“the last consumer willing to pay for a product at a given price and, consequently, the first to leave if the price is increased”), and how those concepts and research data combined to permit an expert to perform a “calculation [that] will yield the price premium associated with the ‘Kills 99.99% of Germs’ claim.” Slip op. at 25-27. Finally, the court rejected Dial’s expert’s critique of the damages model that it is “unconnected to supply side market forces” with a cogent explanation of why a “traditional” supply and demand approach was problematic and why the plaintiffs’ expert’s model, holding the number of products actually sold constant on the supply/demand graph, actually “captured the full measure of damages suffered by consumers who actually bought the allegedly misrepresented product.” Id. at 28.

The court’s illuminating discussion of surveys, economics, and conjoint analysis should be required reading for any litigator planning to develop a damages model for class certification.

Authored By:
Robert Friedl, Senior Counsel
CAPSTONE LAW APC